From+hunters+to+gatheres+to+civilization



Define Civilization

Being civilized in my opinion simply seperates culture religion, and intelligence from ancient and modern Europeans from Native americans, and aborigines. Civilized people would consider those who werent clean and santized to be different especially black skinned people.

Indians never used or washed themselves with soap with civilized people did.
 * Neolithic Revolution || The stone age between 8000 AND 5000 B.C.E. During this time period domestication of plants and animals occurred, and it was a time period when humans were starting to adapt to agriculture. ||
 * Bronze Age || From about 4000 B.C.E, when bronze tools were first introduced in the middle east to about 1500 B.C.E, and when iron began to replace it. ||
 * Catal Huyuk || Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey, and was larger in population then Jericho, and had greater degree of social stratification ||
 * Civilization || Reliance on sedentary agriculture, and the ability to produce food surpluses, and non farming elites. ||
 * Ziggurats || Massive towers that was associated with Mesopotamia temple complexes ||
 * City States || Consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban based kings, and a form of political organization. ||
 * Sumerians || People who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000 B.C.E created first civilization with region ||
 * Hammurabi || King of Babylon, Mesopotamia, and is known for His laws the Hummarabi Laws. He ruled from 8000 B.C.E to 1750 B.C.E. ||
 * Huanghe || EMPEROR OF THE Chinese Zhou dynasty ||
 * Indus River || River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization ||

Summary for Civilization and Neolithic Revolution.

This chapter summarized and gave us better knowledge and, understanding of early civilization, and the Neolithic Revolution. **Civilization is a reliance on sedentary agriculture, and the ability to produce food surpluses, and non farming elites.** It has also expanded the limited trade of nomadic hunters and gatherers. Civilization occurred in many different agricultural societies such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River, and China. It was the opening for trade and farming and the ability to create certain tools that merchants could make their long trips to make money from their respected cities. Separate languages and cultures also developed widely. Civilization presented the Homo sapiens sapiens (modern day humans) new behaviors, and ways to live. Development of agriculture led to permanent settlements which increased world population. Many didn’t like farming when it was first practiced, but many continued to convert to farming societies because it provided a stable food supply. Men had all of the authority, and some would agree that women were so disrespected that they were known for being their husbands slave. Another important part of this chapter was the Neolithic revolution. Neolithic revolution was the Stone Age between **8000 and 5000 B.C.E**. During this time period domestication of plants and animals occurred, and it was a time period when humans were starting to adapt to agriculture. Many scholars have also agreed that the Neolithic revolution was the development of agriculture. Farmers now discovered that they could use their animals for meat and skins and soon discovered dairying as well. Agriculture also made a huge change in the world’s population from about six to eight million across the earth’s surface during early Neolithic times, to about 100 million 3000 years later. But learning agriculture was not an easy task or a quick one. Many even tried to mix agriculture with the older systems of hunting and gathering. This revolution took over one thousand years, and then several thousand to spread around modern day continents such as Asia, Europe, and Africa.

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category

Civilization/Nation/Group_

Time Period

King always taxed everyone who entered through the gates of the city. || Merchants from other nations around Ancient Babylon would take long tripsto trade grain, textiles, and fish oil, in order to buy wine, timber, and precious stones from Mesopotamia. || Some believed ghosts attacked merchants at night in the desert. || The Babylonian calendar had 12 months of 29 or 30 days, which was a total of 354 days in a year. The calendar always started 11 days to early because today its 365 days in one full year. ||
 * E || Alpum would always return to the king whenever new information was discovered ||
 * S || Women never played a role on any of these ancient astrology and astronomy events. ||
 * P || Only the king could change the calendar.
 * I || Mesopotamia had no choice but to trade with other regions because they had little natural resources.
 * R || Priests and other officials used calendars made by astronomers to arrange festivals and collect loans and taxes.
 * I || Over hundreds of years ancient astronomers kept records of information about stars, planets, and omens.
 * T || Archives from ancient astronomers could be read by future ones to let them know what they observed during their time. ||

__**Primary Source Analysis**__

__Document:__

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || We know that this specific time period there was no America or constitution like there is present day. I’ve learned that me as an individual is very lucky to not live in a place where if you can’t prove something that really happened you will be put to death. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The people of Babylon, in Mesopotamia, including all of the nobles, priests, and upper, middle, and lower class citizens are the audience. None of the citizens that lived in this region had the right to question their king under any circumstances, but those who tried were put to death. One particular part mentions women, and what they must do. “If a man takes himself off and there is not the maintenance in his house, his wife so long as her husband is delayed, shall keep herself chaste; she shall not enter another man house”. In my opinion women were treated like animals and slaves. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || The purpose of this document is to show and let us the readers know how much of a struggle others went through back then that we don’t go threw today. Another words be grateful. “If a son strikes his father, they shall cut off his forehand”, and “If a man has put out the eye of a free man, they shall put out his eye”. Today these laws sound ridiculous, but during this time period people had no choice or freedom like we do today. || Support with quotes || Hummurabi’s Law Code was made to bring balance, and organization to society. But some if not most of the laws are considered cruel and very unfair. Most of the laws ended up with death or severe punishment. “If a freeman helps a slave to escape, the free person will be put to death”. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || This tells us how different the structure, and behavior of certain governments were, compared to our constitutional government is today in America. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || The creator of this document is King Hammurabi of Babylon and was made under his rule during 1880 to 1750 B.C.E. We know he believes in monarchy and is very self evident. ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || It was created from 1800 to 1750 B.C.E, but was discovered in 1901. ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

Answers to book question.

The structure was very different from modern day American structures, but also very unfair and too organized. Practically almost no freedom was allowed and people were able to do very little on their own without having to be told to do something. The relationship between was simply how both of them were necessary. The king needed trade to make money, and he also needed to laws to make sure he stays in command and that his people have no authority over him. He also wanted to be a very organized structure of government. Basically because the king wanted others to learn their lesson and never let it happen twice. The document suggested, and involved religion with politics which is very rare to find in our modern day society, that the Gods must also have a say on whether the person lives or dies. But they didn’t speak to any gods instead they expected nature give the answers.