The+Mediterranian+Greece+and+Rome

=The Greeks and the Romans=

** ES **



ESPIRIT * ||
 * E || * Both Greek and Roman economics were based on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery.
 * Both developed different versions of the patriarchal family.
 * Both Rome and Greece had farmers who worked everyday, but who had freedom during the Greek period but Romans soon took that freedom away when their empire dominated the Mediterranean
 * In Greece and some of Italy farmers struggled to grow things because it didn’t contain ideal soil in the land
 * In Greece production of olives, and grapes were ideal and necessary which were used for cooking and winemaking
 * Farmers had to sell some of their products to actually make the collection of olives, and grapes successful.
 * Landlords took over the farms and left farmers in debt with no land
 * Commercial agriculture lead to the rise of the Roman Empire.
 * **Greek city-states**, with Athens in the lead, developed colonies in the Middle East then in Sicily mainly to gain access to grain production.
 * Romans pushed south to acquire Sicilian grain fields, and then south to Africa as its granary.
 * Slavery was key for the economy because they served as household servants and also as workers in their vital silver mines
 * Sparta used slaves for agricultural work. dont need this since you already have the statement above ||
 * S || *  Patriachial family- consisted of Plebians, and Patricians  Plebeians were very low on sanitation  The women, slaves, and children weren't known as citizens of Rome  After the Roman Republic formed, the social class along with it.  Women were very much the same in Rome considering the would get punished by husband if necessary  Women could only control financing of farming  men were dominant and were always in control  Particians were involved in two consuls, senate, or legislative branch. ( similar to U.S govenrment modern day )  ||
 * P || * Romans and Greeks were both ruled by Aristocrats, but later were introduced to democratic elements
 * The twon conuls were : legislative, and senate.
 * Democracy flousrished which allowed men to talk about the Republic, and share opinions and ideas in order to become a better society.
 * Women once again still had no political authority or opinion in public.
 * I || * Rome used much of North Africa for grain, and slaves.
 * The Punic war took place around 264-146 B.C.E which ended in Roman victory, and ended up seizing power in the western Mediterranean Empire.
 * R || * One similarity between Greeks and Roman was also religion
 * both shared the same concept but different names.
 * Like the Greeks, Roman looked for the sign of gods to influence their decisions, and foretell the future.
 * Slaves and peasants werent thought to be important or benefited the religion of The Romans
 * Many thought religion wasnt the best because of its lack of common sense rather than just believing in something they didn't know was real ||
 * I || * Roman culture had many advances in math, art, and science.
 * Many thought religion wasnt the best because of its lack of common sense rather than just believing in something they didn't know was real ||
 * I || * Roman culture had many advances in math, art, and science.
 * T || * Probably the most successfull architecture design, and best place to interact was the Roman Coliseum
 * it contained gladiators killing eachother and others in the presence of the King and entertaining fans from Rome and around the Mediterranean.
 * other than the coliseum, romans built new and bigger roads for travel and trade. ||

Similarities  · Han china had a well organized beaucracy based on confucionism and education, and Roman also had beaucracy that was well organized which consisted of Roman law and and classical learning  · both has very strong and autocratic central governments  · Rome had a senate, and a legislative branch, but han china had one ruler, but no democracy //Dates to know for the unit test//


 * Events ||
 * Buddha is born - ||


 * 563 B.C.E ||


 * Fall of Rome - 476 C.E ||
 * Start of Gupta Empire - 320 - 550 C.E ||
 * Start of the Roman Empire - 509 B.C.E ||
 * Peloponnesian War - 460 - 446 B.C.E ||
 * Gupta Empire beginnings - 320 B.C.E ||
 * Bronze Age begins - 3300 - 1200 B.C.E ||
 * Start of Mauryan Empire - 322 - 185 B.C.E ||
 * Neolithic Period begins - 9500 B.C.E ||
 * Neolithic Period begins - 9500 B.C.E ||


 * Cyrus the Great || Cyrus the Great created the massive Persian empire in 500 B.C.E, which rose against the Greeks by forcing them to surrender their land. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Zoroastrianism || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">An Iranian religion, grounded in 600 B.C.E by Zoroaster, and was considered the principal beliefs of which are in the existence of a supreme deity, and in a cosmic struggle between a spirit of good, Spenta Mainyum and a spirit of evil, Angra Mainyu. This was the Persian Empire religion. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Olympic Games || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Game competition for athletes in ancient Greece and contained ritual celebrations. Only males were allowed to participate, but in modern day it has changed because now the entire world participates. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Peloponnesian Wars || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">A war between Athens and Sparta from 431 - 404 B.C.E, for the dominance of Southern Greece. The victory was in the Spartan side which made the Athenians only ruling their city states from their side. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Hellenistic Period || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">The spread of Greek influence associated with culture which was conquered by the Macedonian, and also was seen as a mix between Greek culture with the eastern side of the world in terms of politics. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Roman republic || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Influenced U.S founding fathers with the government formed today, but in Roman times dominated from 510 to 47 B.C.E which featured an aristocratic senate, magistrates, a panel, and a lot of assemblies to dices social changes and government reforms. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Punic Wars || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">War fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, which ended in Roman victory. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Julius Caesar || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">He was a Roman general, and later became a dictator in the first century B.C.E. Was later killed in March in 44 B.C.E, and after he died his nephew Augustus Caesar took over to lead the Roman Empire. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Direct democracy || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">This idea of having others opinions, and making decisions on politics as a whole was known as democracy which flourished in Greece and to the Roman Empire years after. ||

Five Pillars of Islam


 * Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad;
 * Establishment of the daily prayers;
 * Concern for and almsgiving to the needy;
 * Self-purification through fasting; and
 * The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.

Comparing Greece, and Rome

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">The Mediterranean was one of the ancient world's most reliable resource for trade and agriculture. It started off with the beginning of the Greek civilization in 1700 B.C.E all the way to the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E. The Greeks immediately developed their own agriculture, religion, and social, and political structures. In Comparison to the Greeks, Romans developed their society in a very similar way except a few changes to their political structure. Much of the Greek art, and architecture was originally passed on to the Romans who continued their expansion in the mediterranean. Northern Greece was divided into <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">city-states controlled by Athens. Athens was the center of art, philosophy, and freedom. Along with the rest of the Greeks, Athenians built an earlier civilization, but also established a strong and independent culture of their own. Greece and much of Athens specialized in the scientific thought rather than engineering which was established by the Romans. Each city state that was established had its own government rather than a single political unit, and a <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">tyranny of one ruler or an aristocratic council. This structure worked well for the Athenians and much of Greece in comparison to Sparta, located in southern greece. Sparta was the exact opposite of Athens. Sparta developed an organized dictatorial style of government which consisted of many things Athenians did not agree to. Sparta was once ruled by a king named Lycurgus who developed the Spartan army, social structure, and political structure. By law in Sparta women were forced to give birth to strong babies who when turned seven, had to start training to one day become part of the Spartan army and fight to protect their land, and lives. <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Lycurgus wanted to train and force them to neither have the wish or ability to think for themselves. Sparta had a very centralized government, and the army fought as one. As for the beautiful work of arts, he banished what was thought to be "unnecessary and superfluous arts" (article on Sparta, wikispace account). In terms of education he chose how much and how long each and everyone should go and no freedom to what they should and shouldn't do. Tensions grew between Athens and Sparta which later lead to the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Peloponnesian War for the dominance of southern Greece. This war was won by the impressive Spartan army which made the Athenians only able to rule what was on their side. Many years later after this war, the rise of Rome was formed, which was the last phase of the classical Mediterranian civilization. Romans created an empire by starting with a strong military orientation for protection against rivals. Civil wars between two generals lead victory to <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Julius Caesar, 45 B.C.E. Later after his assassination his nephew <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Augustus Caesar took control, and continued the spread and conquering of the Roman empire. Greece and Rome were both once ruled by aristocrats but also introduced some democratic elements. Democracy comes from the Greek word "demos" and flourished through the Roman empire years after. The political structure was different because Romans consisted of two consuls which was the senate, and the legislative branches in which the senate could choose a dictator to hold emergency authority until the crisis has passed, and the social class was divided into <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">Plebeians, and the Patricians. Patricians were the higher class and the men involved in the senate and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">legislative branches. Women religion was the same as the Greeks except had different names for the Gods. Both Roman and Greek economics were based heavily on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery. Rome also formed its own constitution which included many Greek political experience. The Roman empire however developed organizational capacities on a larger scale than the Greeks did with its city-states. as you can Greek and Roman civilization differed but were very much the same at some levels. Essay outline.

Question: //Compare and contrast the factors that lead to and the effects of the collapse olf ancient Rome and Han China?// __Topic Sentence:__ One cause of the Roman and Han China collapse was their decline in social, and intellectual way of life. __Direct Comparison: "__**Unlike China, classical civilization in the mediterranean region was not simply disrupted only to revive"** __Topic Sentence:__ Han China and Rome also experience unstable leadership by their goverment leaders, and officials. __Direct Comparison:__ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Roman society placed a higher emphasis on merchant and Han China did otherwise, despite the great importance of trade to both. __Topic Sentence:__ Taxation on the borders of Rome grew tension along with the spread of the plague, small pox. __Direct Comparison:__ if trading didnt exist both empires would of lasted longer.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Notes on Documentary ( //Video in Class// ) · Great monumetns · Borth of science philosophy, and art · Athenians wanted freedom from rulers · Clstynese believed in freedom of governemnt, and ended up with empire · Athens later ruled empire · Women stayed home cooking and weeving · Life was extremely tough in greek times · No equality · Aristotal · Greece was divided with city sates with own culture and religion- over 1000 · Each city states fought to maintain indepedence. · Argos was the oldest and most powerful · Traded with egypt · Sparta had the best military · Raised since birth to be soldiers, and were trained after they reached · Town had more control of the children then the parents · Spartans were willing to die and very strong minded and powerful · Spartans were ruled like a dictatorial governemnt · Killing was regualer practice · Sparta looked like it was going to build an empire because of its strong central and organized lyfestyle and government · Before alphabet they learned and memorized peotry in remarkable way · Stories influenced furute citizens · Two most famous tales, the odyyssey, and · Achilles was the greatest warrior chose short life in battlefield than long normal life · Tryant- taking control og government · New ruler was very intelligence, because he knew that he would have to find allies in order to continue his dynasty · Went to Athenians for support · Reduced taxes and gave loans for people to build farms · Began to transform city · Greece in th middle of the ancient world · Next to Persia, Egypt, the west was where the Romans were as well · Athens first great artistic period · Athenian developede new style of painting which was natural and realistic which is still famous today · Athens became international economic power · 527 B.C.E   · No longer had freedom after P’s brother died because he doubted everyone · 776 B.C.E Olympic games were founded · Women were prohibited from competing or even going inside the stadium · Men that won, were treated with more respect gained a lot of fam thruought the greek world · Persia was the niggest empire in the world

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The key factors of Athens development was the way it advanced in art, alphabet, and its new leadership. Even though Athens showed no sign of becoming like Sparta a ruler named Cleisthenes set up Athens to city states which later began the idea of democracy. Christianity and buddhaism > **S**yncretism - > the attempted reconciliation or union of different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion. Marked it up with Blue
 * The end of the classical period (200-600 AD) saw the rise of many major religions.
 * The collapse of political structures made others look for religion and god for answers
 * While christianity spread through Rome and the mediterranean, buddhaism spread through asia ( India, and China)
 * Islam was later introduced as well with the rise of christianity and how it spread thorugh other islamic nations.
 * Hinduism mostly remained as is with reincarnation as a major principle, But Buddhaism also spread to china and india.
 * Buddhist doctrine of bodhisattvas was developed to allow for the acquisition of nirvana through one’s own meditations and actions. Buddhism evolved further as it spread to the Eastern Pacific through Mahayana, its East Asian form. Basic Buddhist beliefs were retained, but some values such as emphasis on Buddha being a divine savior were added.
 * Buddhism is seen as a rival of Confucianism;many though it was a way to distract people from politics and to disrupt loyalty to emperor.
 * Buddhism was revived and put out for a while because of its conflict with Confuscionism.
 * Buddhism never dominated a whole civilization or an empire so to speek.
 * Christianity moved westward, Buddhism moved eastward
 * When Jesus of nazareth was born his purpose was to make sure our sins are forgiven to God. Christianity was needed after collapse of Roman empire, and religion.

5th c. BCE) Thucydides


 * 2002. //The Global Experience: Readings in World History to 1550//. Edited by Philip F. Riley. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.**

//A common exercise when learning about ancient Greece is to compare the lives and cities of the Athenians and Spartans. One of the most useful primary sources is a speech that the Athenian leader Pericles gave to honor soldiers who died in a war with Sparta.// Pericles, a well-respected young noble, dominated Athenian politics and society during the 460s-420s B.C.E. and presided over Athens when the city was at its height.

//Under Pericles, Athens' developing// democracy became even more fair //and open to all. For the first time, poor citizens could actively participate, and the city prospered as never before. Pericles also served numerous times as a general in the early years of the// Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta //. Another general, Thucydides, wrote an accurate first-hand account of the first years of the war called the// History of the Peloponnesian War//. In the winter of 431-430 B.C.E., Pericles delivered a funeral speech to commerate soldiers killed in the fighting, and he also praised his city.//

"Our __constitution__ does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a model for others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look at the laws, they afford equal justice to all in settling private differences . As for prestige, advancement in public life goes to men with reputations for ability: class considerations are not allowed to interfere with merit, nor again does poverty bar the way. If a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by obscure origins or poverty. The freedom we enjoy in our government extends also to our private life. There . . . we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to be offensive, although they inflict no actual harm. But all this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless as citizens. . . . We obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly those for the protection of the injured, whether they are actually on the statute book, or belong to that code which, although unwritten, yet cannot be broken without acknowledged disgrace.
 * (//The U.S Constitution based heavily on acient greek society and philosophy)//**

"Further, we provide plenty of means for the mind to refresh itself from business. We celebrate games and sacrifices all the year round, and the elegance of our private establishments forms a daily source of pleasure and helps to banish our cares. Then, too, the magnitude of our city draws the produce of the world into our harbor, so that to the Athenian the products of other countries are as familiar a luxury as those of his own.

"If we turn to our military policy, there also we differ from our antagonists. We throw open our city to the world, and never pass laws to exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of the enemy may occasionally profit from our liberality. . . . In education, where our rivals from their very cradles seek after manliness through a very painful discipline, at Athens we live as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger.

"In generosity we are equally singular, acquiring our friends by conferring, not receiving, favors. Yet, of course, the doer of the favor is the firmer friend of the two, in order by continued kindness to keep the recipient in his debt; while the debtor feels less keenly from the very consciousness that the return he makes will be a repayment, not a free gift, and it is only the Athenians who, fearless of consequences, confer their benefits not from calculations of expediency, but in the confidence of liberality.

"In short, I say that as a city we are the school of **Hellas**; while I doubt if the world can produce a man who is equal to so many emergencies where he has only himself to depend upon, and who is graced by so happy a versatility as the Athenian . . . For Athens alone of her contemporaries is found when tested to be greater than her reputation, and alone gives no occasion to her assailants to blush at the antagonist by whom they have been worsted, or to her subjects to question her title by merit to rule. Rather, the admiration of the present and succeeding ages will be ours, since we have not left our power without witness, but have shown it by mighty proofs; and far from needing a Homer for our panegyrist, or another poet who se verses might charm for the moment only for the impression which they gave, to melt at the touch of fact, we have forced every sea and land to be the highway of our daring, and everywhere, whether for evil or for good, have left imperishable monuments behind us. Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause.

"If I have dwelt at some length upon the character of our country, it has been to show that our stake in the struggle is not the same as theirs who have no such blessings to lose, and also that the praise of the men over whom I am now speaking might be confirmed by definite proofs. My speech is now largely complete; for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and others like them have made her, men whose fame, unlike that of most Hellenes, will be found to be only proportionate to what they deserve. And if a test of worth be wanted, it is to be found in their last scene, and this not only in the cases in which it set the final seal upon their merit, but also in those in which it gave the first intimation of their having any. For there is justice in the claim that steadfastness in his country's battles should be as a cloak to cover a man's other imperfections, since the good more than outweighed his demerits as an individual. . . . And while committing to hope the uncertainty of final success, in the business before them they thought fit to act boldly and trust in themselves. Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting.

"So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome. . . . You must yourselves realize the power of Athens, and feed your eyes upon her from day to day, till the love of her fills your hearts; and then when all her greatness shall break upon you, you must reflect that it was by courage, sense of duty, and a keen feeling of honor in action that men were enabled to win all this, and that no personal failure in an enterprise could make them consent to deprive their country of their bravery except as a sacrifice of the most serious contribution they could offer.

(//Very emotional but confident.)//

"...Take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage
 * never decline the dangers of war. For it is not the miserable who have the most reason to risk their lives; they have nothing to hope for: instead, it is they to whom continued life may bring reverses as yet unknown, and to whom a fall, if it came, would be most tremendous in its consequences....

" Comfort, therefore, not condolence, is what I have to offer to the parents of the dead who may be here. Numberless are the chances to which, as they know, the life of man is subject; but fortunate indeed are they who draw their lot a death so glorious as that which has caused your mourning, and to whom life has been so exactly measured as to terminate in the happiness in which it has been passed.

"...My task is now finished....If deeds be in question, those who are here interred have received part of their honors already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: thus the state offers a valuable prize as the garland of victory in this race of valor, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. And where the rewards for merit are greatest, there the best citizens are found.

"And now that you have brought to a close your lamentations for your relatives, you may depart."

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">__**Primary Source Analysis**__

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">__Document:__ Thucydides on Athens

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">We know that it was written during the war between Sparta and, Athens, and that Athenian civilization included great knowledge, philosophy, and intelligent warfare. This document showed that Thucydides showed great leadership and inspiration to the Athenian citizens. || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">The audience were the citizens and everyday people of Athens, and looks to me that it was quite inspirational comforting the way they took in the speech, and made them realize that their husbands or grandfathers, and fathers did not die for no reason. || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">The Council of the government of Athens do not want its people to think soldiers were dyeing for no reason but to rest ashore, and comfort them, and that they are fighting for a good cause, and also to except that the sons of Athens fought for their country. **“Happiness comes from freedom, and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of was”** (article) ….Omar || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Support with quotes || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;">The main idea of this was to continue to inspire citizens, and to keep fighting for freedom, which they have fighting for a very long time, but the author comes show the readers the importance the athian people acknowledging the deaths of soldiers, and what they have to maintain peace and balance. **“Numberless are the chances to which, as they know, the life of man is subject; but fortunate indeed are they who draw their lot a death so glorious as that which has caused your mourning, and to whom life has been so exactly m** easured as to terminate in the happiness in which it has been passed.” || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">It shows the way democracy, and leadership from their leaders helped uplift their people into a more inspiring and comfortable level in a writing form in order to unite them. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;"> Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Thucydides ancient Athens, 5th century B.C.E, was a general who wrote a document stating the affects of the early stages of the Peloponnesian War, which was called History of Peloponnesian War. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Place** – Where and when was it created - || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Took place in Athens, Greece around 500 B.C.E ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Prior Knowledge**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Audience**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Reason for Creation**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**The Main Idea**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Significance**

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Questions?

Marked it up on green

=Plutarch on Life in Sparta = (1st c. BCE)

Plutarch

**Plutarch. 1914. //Plutarch's Lives//. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.**

//The city of Sparta was Athens' great rival in Greece during the fifth century B.C.E. and after. The early Spartans quickly outgrew their original city and then conquered the surrounding peoples, forcing them into a serf-like position. Ruling over a much larger but subservient population provided numerous challenges to the Spartan government, so changes were made to Spartan politics. Between ca. 800-600 B.C.E., the Spartan "lawgiver," Lycurgus, is credited with establishing what amounted to a military state in Sparta. (Historians are not sure there was an actual Lycurgus, though the changes he is credited with are real.)//

//The Greek historian Plutarch was born near Corinth in Greece around 45 C.E., and was a great traveler throughout the eastern Mediterranean. By nature an optimist, Plutarch is noted for his uplifting accounts and philosophical observations. Unfortunately, though he was an incredibly prolific writer, less than a third of his original writings survive, and only fragments of his most noted work,// Parallel Lives//. His work included biographical sketches of famous Greeks and Romans such as Alexander the Great, Caesar, and Cicero, as well as Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver.//

Among the many innovations which Lycurgus made, the first and most important was his institution of a senate, or Council of Elders, which, as Plato says, by being blended with the "feverish" government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance, brought safety and due moderation into counsels of state. For before this the civil polity was veering and unsteady, inclining at one time to follow the kings towards tyranny, and at another to follow the multitude towards democracy; but now, by making the power of the senate a sort of ballast for the ship of state and putting her on a steady keel, it achieved the safest and the most orderly arrangement, since the twenty-eight senators always took the side of the kings when it was a question of curbing democracy, and, on the other hand, always strengthened the people to withstand the encroachments of tyranny. [//Sparta's assemblies met between a bridge and a river//.]

...Between these they held their assemblies, having neither halls nor any other kind of building for the purpose. For by such things Lycurgus thought good counsel was not promoted, but rather discouraged, since the serious purposes of an assembly were rendered foolish and futile by vain thoughts, as they gazed upon statues and paintings, or scenic embellishments, or extravagantly decorated roofs of council halls. When the multitude was thus assembled, no one of them was permitted to make a motion, but the motion laid before them by the senators and kings could be accepted or rejected by the people. Afterwards, however, when the people by additions and subtractions perverted and distorted the sense of motions laid before them, Kings Polydorus and Theopompus inserted this clause into the rhetra: "But if the people should adopt a distorted motion, the senators and kings shall have power of adjournment"; that is, should not ratify the vote, but dismiss outright and dissolve the session, on the ground that it was perverting and changing the motion contrary to the best interests of the state.

...A second, and a very bold political measure of Lycurgus, was his redistribution of the land. For there was a dreadful inequality in this regard, the city was heavily burdened with indigent and helpless people, and wealth was wholly concentrated in the hands of a few. Determined, therefore, to banish insolence and envy and crime and luxury, and those yet more deep-seated and afflictive diseases of the state, poverty and wealth, he persuaded his fellow-citizens to make one parcel of all their territory and divide it up anew, and to live with one another on a basis of entire uniformity and equality in the means of subsistence, seeking preeminence through virtue alone, assured that there was no other difference or inequality between man and man than that which was established by blame for base actions and praise for good ones.

Next, he undertook to divide up their movable property also, in order that every vestige of unevenness and inequality might be removed....In the first place, he withdrew all gold and silver money from currency, and ordained the use of iron money only. **//Unfair in a dictatorial fashion.//** In the next place, he banished the unnecessary and superfluous arts. And even without such banishment most of them would have departed with the old coinage, since there was no sale for their products. For the iron money could not be carried into the rest of Greece, nor had it any value there, but was rather held in ridicule. It was not possible, therefore, to buy any foreign wares or bric-à-brac; no merchant-seamen brought freight into their harbours; no rhetoric teacher set foot on **Laconian** soil, no vagabond soothsayer, no keeper of harlots, no gold- or silver-smith, since there was no money there. But luxury, thus gradually deprived of that which stimulated and supported it, died away of itself.

With a view to attack luxury still more and remove the thirst for wealth, he introduced his third and most exquisite political device, namely, the institution of common messes, so that they might eat with one another in companies, of common and specified foods....

In the matter of education, which he regarded as the greatest and noblest task of the law-giver, he began at the very source, by carefully regulating marriages and births.... **// complete power of the government and totalitorianism //**

He made the maidens exercise their bodies in running, wrestling, casting the discus, and hurling the javelin, in order that the fruit of their wombs might have vigorous root in vigorous bodies and come to better maturity, and that they themselves might come with vigour to the fulness of their times, and struggle successfully and easily with the pangs of child-birth....

For their marriages the women were carried off by force, not when they were small and unfit for wedlock, but when they were in full bloom and wholly ripe.

[ Children of Spartan citizens, especially the boys, were under the control of the city more so than under their parents.]

. . . as soon as [the boys] were seven years old, Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies....

Of reading and writing, they learned only enough to serve their turn; all the rest of their training was calculated to make them obey commands well, endure hardships, and conquer in battle. Therefore, as they grew in age, their bodily exercise was increased; their heads were close-clipped, and they were accustomed to going bare-foot, and to playing for the most part without clothes.... //**Children were trained to become honorable soldiers rather than philosphers, and choosing their futures**//

...The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves.

In a word, he trained his fellow-citizens to have neither the wish nor the ability to live for themselves; but like bees they were to make themselves always integral parts of the whole community, clustering together about their leader, almost beside themselves with enthusiasm and noble ambition, and to belong wholly to their country....

. . . he did not permit them to live abroad at their pleasure and wander in strange lands, assuming foreign habits and imitating the lives of peoples who were without training and lived under different forms of government. Nay more, he actually drove away from the city the multitudes which streamed in there for no useful purpose, not because he feared they might become imitators of his form of government and learn useful lessons in virtue, as Thucydides says, but rather that they might not become in any wise teachers of evil. For along with strange people, strange doctrines must come in; and novel doctrines bring novel decisions, from which there must arise many feelings and resolutions which destroy the harmony of the existing political order. Therefore he thought it more necessary to keep bad manners and customs from invading and filling the city than it was to keep out infectious diseases.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">__**Primary Source Analysis**__

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">__Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta__

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">We know that Sparta and Athens were two different Greek cities which were considered rivals for a while, and separated them from the athenians because Spartans were taught to live life in the art of war. Women were even expected to birth strong babies to fight in the army when they become of age. || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Initially the audience were the government and their actions to overthrow Lycurgus, because of the way he governed the people was considered a "mess". || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">In my opinion the purpose of this document was learn and differ Spartan society to Athenian society and learn how Sparta was more militarized and not artistic and philosophical. " He banished the unnecessary and superfluous art, and even without such banishment most of them would have departed with the old coinage, since there was no sale for their products" || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Support with quotes || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">To Show Politcal structure of Sparta, and how it was governed under Lycurgus. <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">"The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves." || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">This relates to the picture because Sparta was ruled by dictatorship, and no freed of speech or rule, and were very organized in a sense of government, and political structure compared to other Greek city states. Sparta was its own society, and depended on no one elses help or agriculture traditions. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;"> Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">The person who created this was Plato, who was a senator and historian during the 1st c. B.C.E ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Place** – Where and when was it created - || <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Sparta, and the southern part of Greece, during 1st c B.C.E ||
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Prior Knowledge**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Audience**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Reason for Creation**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**The Main Idea**
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">**Significance**

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Times New Roman'; margin: 0px;">Questions?