Africa

The beginnings of the liberations in africa


 * Africa was under colonial rule under the europena nations in the beginnings of world war 1
 * many educated africans were now being pushed to make a move towards missionary efforts
 * merchnats and farmers suffered form shipping shortages and the sudden decline in demand for crops
 * Europeans wanted to enduce africans into the war, wante them to fight for them
 * Marcus Garvey- politcal figuer that had impact on emerging african nationalists leaders
 * W.E.B Du Bois also joined Garvey in this matter
 * went through different challenges under different colonial overlords.
 * by the end of 1920s nationlists from french and british were leading towards different directions
 * The negritude movement in literature nurtured by these exiles and did a lot to help against racila steriotypres
 * western educated africans were given great opppertunities to build political associations within africa

The liberation of nonsettle africa


 * worldwar 2 proved to be far worse for the africans then expected
 * africans were drawn into the conflict and took advantage of using new european weapnry
 * the wartime needs of both the british and the frenc let to major departures from longstanding colonial policies.
 * the two main paths for decolonization in africa
 * emergance od radicals
 * Conventions people partys, when Nkrumah resigned his position as chair of the dominants political party in the Gold Coast and established this party
 * African leaders were given more and more representation in legislative bodies.
 * Nkrumah became prime minister of Ghana in 1957
 * this movement was known to be very peaceful and led the independence of the british nonsettler colobnies in black africa by the mid 1960s
 * hard-pressed by costly military struggles to hold on to their colonies in indochina and algeria, the french took a much different way of dealing with the many poeple they ruled in africa.
 * african leaders dominated nationalist movement and foprced french out of their territory

Repression and Gurilla war: the struggle for the settler colonies.


 * due to the pattern of relativily peaceful withdrawal by stages that characterized the process of decolonization in most asia and africa
 * this included areas like algeria, kenya, and southern rhodesia, where substantial numbers of europeans had gone intending to settle.
 * Impatient with the failure of the nonviolent approach adopted by Jomo Kenyatta and the leading nationalists party, the kenya african union an underground organization coalesced around a group more radical leaders.
 * the rebel movenemnt had been military defeated by 1956 at the cost of thousands of lives.1963 a multiradical kenya had won its indepedence.
 * the sturggle for independence for the arabs, and th berber party ws far more viscious.
 * National Liberation Front- mobalizaed larger segments of the arab and berber population of the colony in full-scale revolt against french ruler and settler dominance.
 * secret army organization, was directed against arabs and berbers as well as french who favored independence for the colony
 * 900,000 left the new nation within months after his birth.

The Persistance of white supremacy in south africa
 * violent revolutions put an end to white settler dominance in the portugues colonies of angola, and mozambique in 1975 and in the southern rhodesia by 1980
 * more whites in south afric than blacks or any other race
 * the afrikaners had no european hiomeland to fall back upon
 * build up what was for them a persuasive ideology of white racist supremacy.
 * their defeat by the british in the boer war from 1899 to 1902 also contributed much to the capacity of the white settler minority to maintain its place of dominance in south africa
 * afrikaner national party- emerged in 1948 as the majority party in the all-white south african legislature, the national party devoted itself to winning complete independence from britian.

The aprtheid state and its demise
 * portugal held on to angola as their colonization
 * mozambique as well
 * southwest africa became totally free of south african control only in 1989
 * south africa was by far the largest, most populous, richest, and most strategic area where most of the population had yet to be liberated from colonial domination
 * apartheid was created not only to ensure monoply of political power and economic dominance for the white minority, both british and dutch descended
 * but to impose a system of extreme segregation on all races of south africa in all aspects of their lives
 * homelands within south africa, each designated for the main ethnolinguistic or tribal groups within the black africns pupolation
 * African national congress were declared illegal
 * Walter and Nelson Mandela were hsippe doff to maximum security prisonst
 * other leaders such as steve Biko, one of the young organizaers of the black consciousness movement.

Convention People's Party || Kwane Nkrumab || Yes || Mendela - African National Congress Ghandi || No - Apartheid ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || France || FLN organized against revolt || Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella || Yes ||
 * Angola || 1975 || Portugal || Guerilla Warfare || Holden Alvaro Roberto ||  ||
 * Belgian Congo || 1960 || Belgium - Leopald II || Belgium gave the people independence; people fought over who would rule || Patrice Lumumba- 1st prime minister of the republic of Congo ||  ||
 * Ghana || 1957 || Britian || Peaceful movements organized by Kwane Nkrumab
 * Guinea || 1958 || France ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Kenya || 1963 ||  || Violent revolution || Jomo Kenyatta - Kenyan African Union ||   ||
 * Madagascar || 1960 || France || They had a diverse society; MDRM organized revolt against French || Tsiranana; de Gaule, Adriamantjato || Yes ||
 * South Africa || 1910 || Dutch || Forced colonization of south africa - Shaka Zulu mobilized armies to resist || Jan Smuts - Prime Minister