Latin+America


 * E || MI:
 * Large encomdiendas and large estates provided the framework relations based on economic dominance.
 * Spain controlled Puerto Rico and Cuba
 * Barting with the native americans by upper royal control,a nd the developement of sugar plantation economy.
 * two hundred thousand left, which really disrupted economy in Castilian ||
 * S || MI:
 * very little of the citizens were conquerers
 * conquering places is violence and domination
 * absolute power lead to tyranny
 * expeditions for the spaniards were basically 50 to 500 men
 * diseases were suddenly spread from europe to america which included depopulation of labor and people in general
 * main reason for colonization was for gold, and slaving, and immigration for those under classmen in spain who later became high classmen and women in the americas.
 * holders of the encomienda were able to use people as workers or to tax. ||
 * P || * Americas equals iberian control
 * the bureacracy could be compared to that of china
 * Religion and church equals other pillar of iberian politics
 * The spreading of religion especially christianity arrived in the colonies, and later was considered a royal domination
 * Spanish legalism was part of the institutional transfer.
 * Notaries accompanied new expeditions and body of laws was developed.
 * the creation of the bureaucrat merchants and colonists as in institution of governemnt and economy arose.
 * Bartolome de las casa initiated the struggle for justice. ||
 * I || * Brazil and its tarde factory lead to plantation agriculture
 * Portugal eventually made its way down the african coasts for slaves
 * Merchants also shaped traditions that became important to the american colonies
 * Isabella and ferdinand supported Christopher columbus to reach the east indies by sailing westward around the globe
 * Hernan Cortes was great leader and educated man who led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of mexico
 * civil war in peru erupted after conquerers were replaced. ||
 * R || * Christianity vs Islam became a cultural frontier
 * Jews were forced to either convert to christianity or leave
 * Countries that were considered christian kingdoms were: Portugal, Spain, Aragon, and Castile
 * Cathedral was being built on hisponiola ||
 * I || * Christian conversions should be in peace not in violence
 * Bartolome de Las Casa contrary opinion against Sepulveda b/c he said “the Indians are our brothers and Christ ahs given his life for them
 * based on aristotle Juan Ginas de Spulveda published a book claiming that the conquest was fully justified
 * the idea of indians not being human, and others were born to serve ||
 * T || * advantages like horses, firearms, and more steel were great
 * other than brazil spain controlled the central and named it kingdom of Spain ||

MI: The natives were considered barbaric, and inhumane, but Sepulveda believed spain because of its rich and intellectual social class, was the only nation that could fix this image of savagery.

summary

Sepulveda's voice is clear in this document, the imperfect must be ruled by the perfect. In this essay, Sepulvida crafts the argument that lie on the basis that Spanish civilization, and more specifically, Spanish human beings, are superior to their American counterparts. Sepulvida first describes the innate benevolence of the Spanish, describing them as compassionate and loving people. They have always been against oppresion, and what they are doing in the Americas is completely justified. The Spanish have a more advanced civilization, more advanced technology, and a righteous Christian religion.

Sepulveda and Las Casas:

We immediately observe that both Sepulveda and Las Casas have two contrasting point of views on the encomienda system and its origins. While Sepulveda argues that the war against the Indians is justified, and Las Casas argues that Sepulveda's claims are flawed. Sepulveda claims that because the natives are uncivilized and barbaric, the Spanish have the duty to civilize them into labor for life. The natives did in fact develop important kingdoms and societies prior to the Spanish invasion. He goes on to describe that they also showed signs of human compassion, cultivating freindships and relations. Las Casas claims that the natives must only be taught elements of the Christian faith and nothing else. While Sepulveda goes on to describe how inhuman that native really were, Las Casas counters this with a parallel to the Roman invasion of Spain and how the Spanish were uncivilized at the time. He poses the question of whether or not the Spanish should have fought against the Romans even though the natives are in the same current sitaution. We see two contrasting views of the time, one supported by a mostly secular, Aristotlian philosophy, while the other is based upon Christian teachings and philosophies.

Brazil dyewood that was in abundance there. Sugar and Slavery Brazil's Age of Gold
 * Pedro Alvares Cabral makes the first official Portuguese landing in Brazil, a region that brief attracted Portuguese eyes through the
 * Under competitive pressure for the French, Portugal began to populate the coasts of Brazil in 1532 with a new system of settlement.
 * Nobles are given capitaincies, or strips of land, and are endowed with feudal-like powers and strong commercial urge.
 * Sugar plantations were established first with Native Americans, then later with African slaves.
 * Brazil takes on massive sugar production through the increased importation of slaves
 * Combination of agriculture and industry is needed in order processes sugar
 * 7000 slaves imported ever year by 1700s Brazil had 150,000 slaves, half of the total population.
 * Brazilian social hierarchy reflected sugar plantation origins.
 * White families become an aristocracy linked by marriage to resident merchants and to few Portuguese bureaucrats and officials.
 * Portugal created a bureaucratic structure that integrated Brazil into the imperial system (just like Spain)
 * Although the governor rule from Salvador, the governor of each capitaincy acted independently and reported directly to Lisbon.
 * Jesuit activity in Brazil was also very important, as extensive cattle ranches and sugar mills helped support the erection of churches and the network of missions for thousands of Natives.
 * The Portuguese Empire was not only American and included outposts in Asia and Africa.
 * Intellectual life in Brazil was dead as an high education would be sought in the mother country (intellectual subordination).
 * Dutch, English, and French begin production of sugar in Caribbean with slave labor, which uncuts the Brazilian sugar industry.
 * Empires attempt to acquire slave ports, plantations, and food-producing areas to expand commercial power.
 * Paulistas, hardy backwoodsmen in Brazil who during the 17th Century discovered gold mines in mainland brazil (Minas Gerais - General Mines) that not only gave them wealth but also established Portuguese claims to the interior (mainland) of Brazil.
 * A gold rush powered by slave labor ensued, and gold production reached its height between 1735 and 1760.
 * Rio de Janeiro gains importance as it is close to mines and becomes the capital of the colonies.
 * Portugal uses gold in detrimental ways, pays back imbalances to England. Portugal eventually becomes economically dependent on England.