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Neolithic Revolution ** // Civilization  // is a reliance on sedentary agriculture, and the ability to produce food surpluses, and non farming elites  ** Neolithic Revolution- The stone age between 8000 AND 5000 B.C.E. During this time period domestication of plants and animals occurred, and it was a time period when humans were starting to adapt to agriculture. Bronze Age- From about 4000 B.C.E, when bronze tools were first introduced in the middle east to about 1500 B.C.E, and when iron began to replace it. Hammurabi- King of Babylon, Mesopotamia, and is known for His laws the Hummarabi Laws. He ruled from 8000 B.C.E to 1750 B.C.E.   Huanghe- EMPEROR OF THE Chinese Zhou dynasty Classical China > > What is the Silk road? > It was a network/roads that was very useful because it contained better trading routes, and it generated luxury products to central Asia > > What was its significance in Han China? > Its significanc in China was since china was the only country to have silk it linked itself to the world by having the advantage of trading these certain products. ** Classical Mediterranean ** Northern Greece was divided into city-states controlled by Athens. Athens was the center of art, philosophy, and freedom. Along with the rest of the Greeks, Athenians built an earlier civilization, but also established a strong and independent culture of their own. Classical India > > > > > > > > > > > >  Post Classical Unit Islam Five Pillars of Islam
 * Civilization presented the Homo sapiens sapiens (modern day humans) new behaviors, and ways to live.
 * Development of agriculture led to permanent settlements which increased world population. Many didn’t like farming when it was first practiced, but many continued to convert to farming societies because it provided a stable food supply.
 * Men had all of the authority, and some would agree that women were so disrespected that they were known for being their husbands slave. Another important part of this chapter was the Neolithic revolution.
 * Neolithic revolution was the Stone Age between **8000 and 5000 B.C.E**. During this time period domestication of plants and animals occurred, and it was a time period when humans were starting to adapt to agriculture.
 * Classical China
 * Confucius was an ancient Chinese scholar who believed in his countries future while others didn’t.
 * Even though China was facing its worst times, Confucius believed if China could rebuild their social, and agricultural structures, they would once again have peace, and order.
 * His ideas were not respected by many rulers simply because of the authority one ruler had compared to everyone else.
 * Kings and emperors at that time hardly accepted ideas from other scholars, or philosophers. Confucius was not a wealthy or powerful man which would really come to show as to why many, especially the emperor did not care or want anything to do with him.
 * When reading about him I felt a connection to ** Thomas Jefferson and his beliefs for America’s future **, and how China would have influenced more if they had listened to him.
 * Confucius was a great scholar, and the rise of the Han Dynasty would come to show his brilliant structure for organized life and society.
 * He believed in respect for all aspects of Chinese Life, from relationships with people family, he stressed the importance of respected your elders, male authority, and finally the veneration of the households ancestors.
 * Confucius also believed in the importance of art, music, and elegant calligraphy because knew it would maintain social order and a government that would last a very long time if maintained correctly.
 * He lived from 551 and 479 B.C.E.
 * He lived during a very stressful time period for China. Even though china was at its darks ages, when ** Confucianism was brought in The Han Dynasty, it influenced several modern day countries such as Japan, Korea, and most of Asia. **
 * ** As you can Confucius and his ideas were enough to convince me he was a great scholar with a lot of knowledge, and awareness of what his dream was for his nation. **
 *  Both Greek and Roman economics were based on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery.
 *  Both developed different versions of the patriarchal family.
 *  Both Rome and Greece had farmers who worked everyday, but who had freedom during the Greek period but Romans soon took that freedom away when their empire dominated the Mediterranean
 *  In Greece and some of Italy farmers struggled to grow things because it didn’t contain ideal soil in the land
 *  In Greece production of olives, and grapes were ideal and necessary which were used for cooking and winemaking
 *  Farmers had to sell some of their products to actually make the collection of olives, and grapes successful.
 *  Landlords took over the farms and left farmers in debt with no land
 *  Commercial agriculture lead to the rise of the Roman Empire.
 *  **Greek city-states**, with Athens in the lead, developed colonies in the Middle East then in Sicily mainly to gain access to grain production.
 *  Patriachial family- consisted of Plebians, and PatriciansPlebeians were very low on sanitationThe women, slaves, and children weren't known as citizens of RomeAfter the Roman Republic formed, the social class along with it.
 *  One similarity between Greeks and Roman was also religion
 *  both shared the same concept but different names.
 *  Like the Greeks, Roman looked for the sign of gods to influence their decisions, and foretell the future.
 *  Slaves and peasants werent thought to be important or benefited the religion of The Romans
 *  Many thought religion wasnt the best because of its lack of common sense rather than just believing in something they didn't know was real
 * Cyrus the Great ||  Cyrus the Great created the massive Persian empire in 500 B.C.E, which rose against the Greeks by forcing them to surrender their land.   ||
 * Zoroastrianism ||  An Iranian religion, grounded in 600 B.C.E by Zoroaster, and was considered the principal beliefs of which are in the existence of a supreme deity, and in a cosmic struggle between a spirit of good, Spenta Mainyum and a spirit of evil, Angra Mainyu. This was the Persian Empire religion.  ||
 * Olympic Games ||  Game competition for athletes in ancient Greece and contained ritual celebrations. Only males were allowed to participate, but in modern day it has changed because now the entire world participates.  ||
 * Peloponnesian Wars ||  A war between Athens and Sparta from 431 - 404 B.C.E, for the dominance of Southern Greece. The victory was in the Spartan side which made the Athenians only ruling their city states from their side.  ||
 * Hellenistic Period ||  The spread of Greek influence associated with culture which was conquered by the Macedonian, and also was seen as a mix between Greek culture with the eastern side of the world in terms of politics.  ||
 * Roman republic ||  Influenced U.S founding fathers with the government formed today, but in Roman times dominated from 510 to 47 B.C.E which featured an aristocratic senate, magistrates, a panel, and a lot of assemblies to dices social changes and government reforms.  ||
 * Punic Wars ||  War fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, which ended in Roman victory.  ||
 * Julius Caesar ||  He was a Roman general, and later became a dictator in the first century B.C.E. Was later killed in March in 44 B.C.E, and after he died his nephew Augustus Caesar took over to lead the Roman Empire.  ||
 * Direct democracy ||  This idea of having others opinions, and making decisions on politics as a whole was known as democracy which flourished in Greece and to the Roman Empire years after.  ||
 * ** The social structure of India was quite unique and some what simliar to the one of China. China had a Philosophical structure rather than a religious one such as the Indians.  **
 * ** When talking about families males were still the dominanty in the house and in society, women by law were forced to treat their husbands like Gods, and children were chosen who to marry at a very young age.  **
 * ** They relied heavily on praying and a religous society where everything was organized but at the same showed much respect like confucianism. **
 * Both Classical China and India both had great similarities, and major differences throughout their respected time period.
 * Some of which were obvious and some that were not. First was Chinas philosphical structure of government compared to India's religious or Hindu government.
 * Both of which had a great amount of agriculture but were quite different from one another.
 * China 's government was runned by idea, and knowledge. China also had great scholars such as **Confuscious,** who aimed for the importance of respect for one another, and elders, and the idea of appreciaiting ones work and talent.
 * Confucionism was one of chinas major step towards an organized and well developed government. India on the other hand was more on the reilgious side of the table.
 * Hinduism spread along with Buddhahism, and started a great time period in which religion was practiced more often then philosophy.
 * Indias beliefs in worshipping goddesses would never be agreed by the Chinese. But both countries were similar on having male dominance, and women playing smaller roles in regular everyday societies.
 * Parents in India chose who their children were destined to marry. But in China they didnt have a book called **kamasutra** telling people about how men and women should behave with one another.
 * **Women were assigned to marry the men their family chose and thought was right for her, so they had no freedom to choose who they married.**
 * Low caste individuals had few legal rights, and servants were very often abused by masters
 * Masters were restrained only by religion toward kindly treatment.
 * **If a Brahman killed servant, he would simply face little consequences such just killing an animal (uncommon).**
 * Peasants had very little contact with higher class people.
 * Dominance of husbands and men in general still remained strong like the Dynast of China (wife should worship husband as a God).
 * Although women economic contributions, started to expand.

 <span style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The five pillars indicated, and showed us how religion is and should be everyones number priority, and how there is only one God, Alah, who rules the universe. <span style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · This would include government officails, political leaders, and all citizens who practice the muslim faith, and religion, and believes in the Qur'an. <span style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The five pillars also showed strict but non cruel guide lines which made me realize how certain laws changed from Hummarabi's strict laws to Islam's religious attributes, and beliefs. <span style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · They indicated a strong passion for Allah, and their belief in the afterlife. All of these pillars were similar by containing faith in God, and how muhammad was thier prophet and savior. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Conquered much of **Syria** and penetrated deep into the once powerful Sasanian empire centered on Persia <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Muslim merchants became key to the tads in the mediterranian all the way to South China sea <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Mecca was very important for trade especially for eastern asia to the mediterranian <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Women unlike other civilization enjoyed more freedom during the bedouin times, and were considered important <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Wars were fought along a code of chivalry. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The Abbasid era was the time of great expansion <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · This linked to a revival of the Afro-Eurasian trading network. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **dhows** were used to carry goods between civilizations, and Muslims merchants joined trading companies with Christians and Jews. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · invested in new business ventures, purchase of land, and construction of mansions. Byzantine Empire <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The rise of the eatern europe came when the decline of the roman empire emegered, but europe was then divided into western, and eatern europe. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Eastern Europe, or the the Byzantine empire resulted in being christians, and the main capital was Constantinople. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Eastern side looked more to be Catholic, and based their practices and beliefs that the pope was second to God. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Daily life was practiced simliar to the greeks, and architecture from the ancient Greek civilization. Art showed how much control state had over the church. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The empire depeneded upon the control of the country side with the government beuacracy regulating trade and food prices, or the value of food. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · The expansion of the merchant and its class was very crucial and effective. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Silk production also became relevant by putting trade as the most effective, and most crucial part of the Byzantine's economic life <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Catholics were in the east and Christianity in west of Europe <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o eastern side looked up, and rewarded more of the pope <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o Western looked more for faith in God and Jesus Crist of Nazareth <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Arguments and differences between the spilt of religions continued, and followed later on. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Western empire <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Capitalism became popular in western europe <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Italian merchants sought cloth manufactured in the low countries, and merchants from other parts of europe such as England. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · In england people produced timber supplies and furs brought from Scandanavia and Baltic lands. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Peasants were almost free from manorialism, but had to follow only a few obligations to their landlords, and military function, in order to own a horse, and weapons. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Peasonts went thorught many decades fighting for their lands, and the belief that they should be free to own their land <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Gap between peasants, and lords <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Banking was introduced to facilitate the long distance exchange money and goods. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Money was commonly used a lot <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Countries like Germany, France, Italy, and Britian were capitalistic. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Mediterranean redeveloped with the help of italian merchants in which they traades european cloth <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · germany and scandanavia grouped together to discuss the **__Henseatic League__** Japanese and Korean > Men and women followed strict codes of polite behavior. > In the Hein court, member of the household and leading aristocrat families lived in a complex of palaces and gardens. > >
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> **Shahadah-** Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad, the belief that there is only one "God" and you must worship muhammad who was sent from God to lead the people.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> **Salah**- Establishment of the daily prayers; 5 times a day. Between dawn, and sunrise, noon to mid-afternoon, between mid-afternoon, at sunset, and after twilight until nighttime every muslim must pray inside the **Masjjid**.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> **Sawm**- the need for a Muslim to fast, meaning they cant eat or drink anything between dawn, and sunset. Even though this is a duty of an adult children can practice it as well. Prayers must also be performed during fasting
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> **Zakah-** An annual giving of a percentage of a Muslims wealth and possessions beyond basic needs. A minimum of 2.5% is required to give to the poor or others who are in need.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> **Hajj**- The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able. It is performed by 2,000,000 people very year, and symbolically represents **Abraham**, his wife, and their son **Isma'il** 4,000 years ago.
 * <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Love affairs were a major preoccupation.
 * <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Men focused on the beauty of women. Women were expected to be as poised and cultured as men.
 * <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Women took major step in society as leaders in writing poetry, played flutes, and participated in elaborate schemes to snub or disgrace rivals. Got involved in palace intrigues.
 * <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"> women could not peruse love but wait for men to peruse to them. Marrying another family member was not only allowed but seemed to be necessary to them because